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MER. EDDY & CLAUSS, LITH. N. 



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THE "FOUR SEASONS"' HOTEL 



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THE SANATORIUM 



Cumberland Gap Park 



/THE PROPERTY OF THE CUMBERLAND GAP PARK COMPANY\ 
I INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF TENNESSEE, U. S. A./ 



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HOTEL, CASINO, AND SANATORIUM 

AT THE 

CUMBERLAND GAP 

it ' ■ 

33? 



NEAR THE POINT OF MEETING OF THE STATE LINES OF 
TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA, AND KENTUCKY 



Copyright, 1S91, by the Cumberland Gap Park Co. 



Press of J. J. Little & Co. 
Astor Place, New York 



Ctmtfoerlattti <§ap $ark. 



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Ccnnc&sfcc, ftcntucftp, Virginia. 





somewhat remarkable fact that no well- 
conducted health resort or Sanitarium exists 
in America to-day, such as are to be found 
in many parts of the United Kingdom or 
the Continent. It is true that in various places 
the N United States there are a number of well-patronized 
and profitable establishments which, as a rule, are located in 
regions possessing natural attractions, but these are very 
often built with an utter disregard of all sanitary laws. 
It cannot be denied that certain natural aids are indispen- 
sable to the physician, though often disregarded as means 
for the relief, especially, of exhausting and chronic dis- 
eases ; and the establishment of a well-managed resort, 
placed in a part of the country which possesses a high aver- 
age of general excellence, so far as climate, altitude, drainage 
and accessibility are concerned, not to speak of such attractions 
and beneficial adjuvants as mineral springs and hydrotherapy, 
must be a success. 

There are a large number of invalids who are unable to stay 
at home throughout the year, but make it a study to find some 
place in which to exist. These people with surprising care inves- 
tigate the variations of climate and soil. They soon learn that 
one place is endurable in January and February, and another 
entirely incompatible with health or comfort during these months, 
so that they migrate from one resort to another, as restless as 
nomads, and with a constant fear of a change of air that will compel 
them to hurriedly seek new abiding-places. Many of these individuals 
are obliged to leave comfortable and luxurious homes, and, with the 
exception of a very few well-built hotels, most of the places they 
frequent are of the ordinary summer-hotel order. Comfort to the invalid is a prime 
necessity; "roughing it" is out of the question; and the change from home should be an 
imperceptible one. 

The claims of East Tennessee as a health resort are certainly second to none on the 
American Continent, situated as it is in the very center of the United States at about the 

3 



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BarbourviMe 



36th parallel, far removed from the sea-coast, and pos- 
sessing an altitude which is sufficient, without being 
too great, for the comfort of persons suffering espec- 
ially from pulmonary diseases. Although there are 
many health resorts 
in America that are 
sought after, and for 
the most part well 
patronized, during 
the winter months, 
there is none of which 
we are aware that 
possesses the average 
advantages of the 
region about Cum- 
berland Gap. The 
shortcomings of bet- 



Whitesb'urgc * ' %,§ 

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From H:ir]ifr's Mi^tt/i 



Copyright, 1890, by Harpei 



ter known places are manifold, some being low and swampy and possessing the only merit 
of a warm winter climate, while the altitude of others is perchance most trying unless the 
patient seeks them with the approval of an intelligent and discriminating physician, for he 
is very apt to suffer various discomforts and possibly an aggravation of his condition. 
Colorado, for instance, is a beautiful place, and is certainly one in which a limited 
number of consumptives can live in greater comfort than elsewhere, but it is undis- 
putable that a large number of patients who find their way there are obliged to leave 
soon afterward, when a pulmonary hemorrhage, or high degree of nervousness, signals the 
detrimental effect of a too rarified air. Observant medical men cannot disregard the fact 
that epileptics and other nervous sufferers are much worse in high mountainous countries, 
and other forms of convulsive and spasmodic disorders are aggravated by a residence in 
these places. In certain parts of the Rocky Mountains, notably at Leadville, there is 
a local form of nervous disturbance which is expressed by congestion of the brain, restless- 
ness, with reactionary fatigue and sometimes a condition of excitement which often 
approaches insanity in degree. 

The resorts of the far South are apt to be malarial, the nights are damp, and the glare 
of the sun during the day is exceedingly disagreeable. 

In the selection of an all-the-year-around home for invalids, many things are to be 
considered, but of course the geographical situation is of paramount importance. It can- 
not be denied that those regions lying between the 30th and 40th parallels are the most 
healthful in the United States, and a point somewhat between these extremes has been found 
by actual statistics to furnish the lowest death-rate, so far as natural causes are concerned. 

The district immediately east of the Appalachian Chain, in which is situated Claiborne 
County, Tennessee, has always maintained a high reputation, so far as the low death-rate 
and infrequency of illness are concerned. Not only does this region, but that lying close 
by in North Carolina, present phenomenal statistics. The census of 1880, as well as the 
reports of the Chief Signal Officer of the United States, give the following ratio of deaths 
from consumption in Claiborne County, Tennessee, as compared to that of other places : 

4 



In 100,000 of Population. 

Claiborne County, Term 67 

Illinois 1 50 

Missouri 152 

Ohio 171 

Indiana 193 

New Jersey 234 

Pennsylvania 1 50 

Michigan 159 

Maryland 177 

New -York 207 

New Hampshire 243 

Massachusetts 277 

In the "Introductory and Explanatory Remarks" to the volume of Mortality and 
Vital Statistics, Census of 1880, the Editor says: 

" Probably one of the best methods of comparing the healthfulness of the States and 
Territories, which the census figures will permit us to use, is by a comparison of the pro- 
portion of deaths reported as occurring among those infants born during the Census Year." 

A table from such data shows as follows : 

Claiborne County, Tenn., yy.y ; Ohio, 112; Kansas, 114; California, 117; Illinois, 
122; Massachusetts, 200. 

It will be seen that thirty-four more infants reach one year of age, in the thousand, 
born in Claiborne County than in Ohio, and one hundred and twenty-two more than in 
Massachusetts. 




$MMMMUMMM$$UUUUU$4UU& 



CItmatc. 

HE climate is a mean between that 
of North and South, and persons from 
every section would not have to pass 
through that sometimes critical condition 
called "becoming acclimated." 

The summer at Cumberland Gap would 
have a mean temperature of about 70 de- 
grees F., while the winter would have one 
of about 40 degrees, or about 8 degrees 
above freezing. Compare the winter 
mean with that of St. Paul, Minnesota, 17 
degrees; Des Moines, Iowa, 23 degrees; 

Albany, N. Y., 25 degrees; Detroit, Michigan, 26 degrees; or Columbus, Ohio, a trifle 

over 32 degrees, or the temperature at which water freezes. 




absolute l^umtott?. 

Absolute humidity is the amount of moisture in a cubic foot of air. 



depresses m drains. 

Table of absolute humidity expressed in a scale often ; ten being complete saturation. 

Spring. Summe, 

San Antonio, Texas 5-5 7-5 

Cumberland Gap Region 2.5 6.5 



Autumn. 


White* 


5-5 


3-o 


4.0 


2-5 



iBainfall. 

During the autumn and winter months the rainfall is ten inches less than throughout 
the greater part of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. This is of the highest importance to the 
seeker after health, as it admits of a great deal of outdoor exercise in a dry air on dry 
ground. 

When we examine the statistics of temperature, we are immediately impressed with 
the fact that the extremes are anything but great, the summer heat never being relaxing, 
nor the winter so cold as to be trying to the delicate. Even in the hottest summer 

weather the nights are cool. 

6 



The air of this region is exceedingly pure and bracing, though there is none of the 
over-stimulation which is often found in places of higher altitude. 

The elevation is from i ioo to nearly 3000 feet above the sea, and the valley east of 
Cumberland Gap is surrounded by an amphitheater of hills which fully protect it from 
strong winds, while the character of the soil and its surface render drainage as near per- 
fection as it possibly could be. The prevailing winds are southwest, northeast, north, 
south, west, east, calm, northwest, southeast ; in the order of frequency. 

It will be noted by the medical man that such a region possesses unusual advantages 
for the establishment, not only of a place for treatment, but that it will undoubtedly be 
chosen, when known, by persons of delicate health as a permanent abode. 

Captain, now Dr. William M. Polk, who, during the late Civil War, spent some time 
at Cumberland Gap, says : " There is no healthier spot in America." 

Where the average advantages are so great, it will be no longer necessary to take long 
and tiresome journeys hither and thither winter and summer, with all the incident fatigue 
of travel — its discomforts and the possible aggravation of existing maladies by sudden 
variations in the mode of life, food, water and local surroundings. 

For the relief of pulmonary, nervous and skin affections, it will be seen at a glance that 
Cumberland Gap offers a decided show of benefit. Throat affections, chronic digestive 
disorders, rheumatic troubles and gout must be ameliorated as well, not only by the 
influences of climate, but by the judicious use of the many different mineral waters. 

Bronchial affections are practically unknown in this neighborhood, and nervous dis- 
orders are equally rare. 




%\)z project. 







HEN the proposition was made two years ago to 
establish a winter and summer resort in the 
Eastern Valley of the Cumberland Mountains, 
near the Cumberland Gap, upon the plan of some 
of the famous European spas, to be international 
in character and under the direction of medical 
men of undoubted position in their profession, the 
project was regarded as an impossibility. But 
American enterprise has asserted itself, and under the 
8 '/ skilful hands of a small army of earnest workers, whose 
ranks contain some of the most distinguished men in 
their respective professions in the country, Cumberland Gap 
Park has come to be a fact. The wild and rugged region has 
been brought into easy communication with all parts of the country, its natural beauties 
have been developed, and to-day we find an international resort quite unique in character, 
of which the social as well as the pecuniary success is assured. 

The buildings are to be three in number, the Hotel, Sanatorium and Casino, which 
are situated in a beautiful park, connected by macadamized roads, and are within easy 
reach of the Springs. They are located upon a gentle slope, the Sanatorium occupying 
a site with an elevation of about 1500 feet above the level of the sea, while the Hotel is 
upon one slightly lower, two or three hundred yards away, and the Casino is to be 
midway between the two. 

The grounds have been laid out under the direction of Col. Geo. E. Waring and 
a corps of landscape gardeners. 

The buildings were designed by Mr. Wm. B. Bigelow (originally of the firm of McKim, 
Mead & Bigelow), a graduate of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, whose plans received a great 
deal of praise when they were exhibited in the collection of the American Architects' 
League in 1890 in New -York. 

The Hotel itself is one of the largest and most magnificent of its kind in the country, 
and accommodates over five hundred guests. All its appointments are of the most luxuri- 
ous description, and every convenience is provided for the comfort of the large class of 
health-seekers who come to this beautiful spot. 

Great pains have been taken to secure a competent manager, and the Company has 
engaged Mr. Henry Clair, whose well-earned reputation as Manager of the Metropolitan, 
Park Avenue, and other hotels in New -York City and Chicago, as well as the Grand 
Union at Saratoga, is sufficient evidence of his capacity to properly preside over its 
hotels. He has for several months been in its service, and his great experience has 
enabled him to surround himself with a staff of competent aids. 







'THE FOI'R SEASONS. 




€l)c "four ^ca0on0" l^oteL 

HE ground plan of the " Four Seasons" Hotel is in 
the form of a central building, with wings at either end 
at 45 to the main building ; this, in conjunction with 
the orientation of the building, makes an arrangement 
by which the sun will shine into every room in the 
house. The main building has a front of 300 feet, and 
each wing a front of 200 feet, in all 700 feet; and the 
location is such upon the sloping hillside that the ground floor, whilst about on a level with 
the ten acres of formal o-arden in the rear, is on an average of about ten feet above the 
ground in front, insuring an unobstructed view of the great Cumberland Valley, with its 
ranges of hills on the left hand, or west, terminating in the picturesque Pinnacle Rock and 
the famous Cumberland Gap. On the right hand a less elevated mountain country shows 
range upon range of hills, and on clear days one can discern from the Pinnacle the 
shadowy outlines of the great Smoky Mountains. The entrance to the Hotel is in the 
center, with shaded piazzas along the front, connecting with the cafe terrace on the right, 
and with the ladies' entrance on the left. The road forming the main approach rises by an 
easy grade from the Harrogate Station, about a mile away, and, winding once or twice as 
it approaches to overcome the elevation, gives one glimpses of the Hotel, Casino and 
Sanatorium, and the general landscape. 

The entrance colonnade is conceived in a style similar to the old Colonial mansions, 
with tall fluted columns and wide stairways, and leads to the main hall, 75 feet square — the 
great central distributing point, the brain, as it were, of this complex hostelry. Here will 
be found the clerk's office, the bureau of administration, the elevator to the upper floors, 
reception-rooms, reading-rooms, news-stands, telegraph office, and the many necessaries 
and luxuries essential to comfort. Broad galleries lead to the dining-rooms, drawing- 
rooms, cafe, etc., and passing through the hall one comes out upon the formal gardens 
mentioned above, a space of about ten acres, which has been leveled off on the hillside, and 
laid out and planted by the most expert landscape gardeners. This garden is so pro- 
tected by the hills behind and the buildings that the winter winds have not a chance, 
whilst it is open toward the south to give the cool summer breezes every opportunity. 



One wing, the more southerly, has apartments on the ground floor ; the other wing 
contains the dining-room, breakfast-room and cafe. The kitchen, laundry and servants' 
quarters generally are in a wing yet beyond, connected by a passageway. 

The public rooms are worthy of a more extended description : 

The dining-room is 50 by 160 feet, with a large half-circular bay on one side opening 
on to the winter porch enclosed in glass and heated, where meals are served overlooking 
the gardens ; on the other side of the dining-room numerous smaller bays make pleasant 
corners for smaller parties, with views over the valley to the mountains. The breakfast- 
room opens off the dining-room between it and the cafe, which occupies the corner formed 
by the main building and the wing under the tower. Next to the cafe, as one passes 
toward the hall, are the reading, smoking and conversation rooms on the front. Passing 
through the hall again, we come to the salon, a great room 50 by 130 feet, with deep bay 
windows, open fires, and views both ways to the gardens and mountains. Beyond the 
salon is the ladies' entrance, with ample and separate hall, dressing-rooms and cloak- 
rooms, and beyond that are the private apartments on the ground floor. There is a 
commodious elevator and five public stairways leading to the floors above. 

The rooms above are subdivided in the most diverse ways so as to suit every possible 
taste, from the great suite over the entrance, larger than the average house, to the modest 
bachelor's room, just large enough for his needs. But every room without exception has 
sunlight, fresh air and view. There are no so-called courts and no well-holes, and a 
special feature are the suites so arranged that one may have a parlor or large bedroom 
and smaller bedroom and complete bath-room, or, if desired, two large and two smaller 
rooms and bath, all on a private hall, so that one door closes off the whole suite from the 
public hallways. 

The electric lighting and heating, besides the many open fires, the electric call bells, 
and the arrangements for prompt service, the ventilation, in fact, all the comforts and 
conveniences that modern ingenuity has devised, have been worked out with the greatest 
care, and no money has been spared to make them perfect. 

The culinary arrangements embody all the latest improvements and make the kitchen 
well worthy a visit. 

It is the aim of the management to avoid useless display and ostentation, and every 
arrangement has been made to secure above all things the comfort of their guests. The 
English and Swiss systems of hotel-keeping are those upon which that of the "Four Sea- 
sons" has been modeled, and it is intended, if good discipline and generous provision mean 
anything at all, that this Hotel shall be without a rival. 

The " Four Seasons" Hotel is in no way intended for persons who are very ill, or whose 
maladies are likely to render them disagreeable to others who simply desire change or rec- 
reation; and the original idea of the projectors has been carried out so that another building 
in every way equally comfortable has been provided for the former, where they may have 
the advantages of the best medical care, treatment and nursing, yet so near the Hotel that 
they can be visited by their friends, and in one way, though entirely distinct in its adminis- 
tration, it may be said to be an annex of the latter. The additional advantages to the 
patient, those of quiet and rest, are very great, and to some people absolutely necessary. 



;'«1; '»i:'*i: '»1: .'•1; M; ' «1; .'"I; tifii /'I; .'•I; ?&'*isf*i:'»ij''»i: f»i:f A: f^fii:f*i^A^^f^. 




Cl)c Sanatorium. 



AREFUL attention has been paid to the construction 
of the Sanatorium, which is as well built and arranged 
as any structure of its kind in the world, for the ar- 
chitect has profited by the counsel of Dr. John S. 
Billings, of the United States Army, whose distin- 
guished services in connection with the famous Johns 

Hopkins Hospital have gained for him an international reputation. In this building all 

manner of new scientific and sanitary appliances have been adopted, so that the tempera- 
ture can be kept at a fixed standard if necessary, while the ventilation is automatic and 

the walls aseptic. The institution contains accommodations 

for about one hundred patients, with dining-rooms, drawing- 
rooms, etc., and is under the charge of an executive head and 

two physicians selected for their experience in the treatment 

of the class of cases seeking the benefits of such a place. 

These gentlemen have been chosen after an examination by 

the Advisory Medical Board, which includes the names of 

some of the best-known physicians in America and Europe, 

and who have kindly consented to give the benefit of their 

experience and counsel to the directors of the Cumberland 

Gap Park Company. All of the local staff have had actual 

medical experience besides hospital training. The modern 

system of nursing is so important that graduated nurses have 

been engaged who have served in the Bellevue and New-York 

Hospital Training Schools, and a corps of uniformed male 

and female nurses attend to the wants of all patients in the 

Sanatorium. It is possible in this place to supply invalids 

with a most carefully selected diet, as it contains a kitchen of 

its own. 

Much of the success which follows the treatment at the 

different foreign spas depends upon the medical discipline 

and the directions given by the resident physicians, and those 

who go to Cumberland Gap strictly in search of health, and 

who are impressed with the necessity of getting well, can follow a regimen which in 

every way resembles that in vogue at German and French spas. 




FIRST FLOOR OF SANATORIUM. 



T6atl)3. 

pense has been spared to render the Baths in the Casino as 

uxurious and elaborate as they can be made, and many months 

of study have been devoted to the proper arrangement of this 

part of the building, a member of the Directory having visited 

many of the Algerian watering places for this purpose. 

The Turkish Bath is in many respects modeled upon that 

in the Rue de l'Etat Major in the city of Algiers. 

Oriental Massage and bathing may be indulged in upon 
the first floor of the Sanatorium, where there are several 
plunges and swimming pools supplied with clear spring 
water occupying a considerable portion of the floor space ; 
beside these, atomizing chambers and all those various 
s^. appliances of modern hydrotherapy which are now so 
common in France and Germany have been supplied, 
and the system of forcible douches controlled by a skilled operator has also been adopted. 
There is also an ingenious system of hot vapor baths, so arranged that patients can 
with little trouble avail themselves of medicated pine needle, sassafras, mercurial and sul- 
phur baths ; and a special apparatus has been devised for the employment of brine atom- 
izations or dry salt baths. 




department of jHa00age anD dSrmnajsttcs. 



FEATURE of the Sanatorium is a 
special department for the treatment 
of disease by Massage and mechan- 
ical means, which is under the im- 
mediate charge of Prof. Lindhe, 
until lately a director of the famous 
Medico-Orthopedic Institute of 
Norrkoeting, Sweden, and an ex- 
officer of the Swedish army. Prof. 
Lindhe has been engaged at a 
large salary, and has recently 
returned from Europe, where 
he has been in the interests of 
the Company investigating the latest advances in his 
speciality. The treatment consists of the systems origi- 
nated by P. Lings, Sanders, and Metzger, the latter being 
that which was so successfully used in the case of the 
Empress of Austria, and is now universally employed 
throughout Europe. Mr. Lindhe also makes use of 
Kellgrenn's and Wolf's treatment. 





J. E. LINDHE, SUPERINTENDENT OF 
MASSAGE AND GYMNASTICS. 




amu0cment0. 




ERHAPS one of the most deplorable features of a majority of 
health-resorts is the absence of all ordinary amusement ; at 
the best a stroll through a dull village or uninviting stretch 
of woods, a siesta upon a wind-swept piazza or in a dreary 
plastered hall, with complaining invalids as companions, is 
the sum of the attractions. To some of us the memory of a 
badly attuned band and a cold, barn-like "parlor" comes dis- 
mally enough, and the desperate efforts of the younger people of 
both sexes, who pay for their pleasure, and are determined to have it, are partic- 
ularly conspicuous on rainy days. 

Cumberland Gap Park possesses sufficient attractions to make even an 
extended stay in the charming mountain region of East Tennessee so pleasant 
a one as to enable the tired business or professional man to forget his cares, 
while the bright tints of health are brought to the pale cheek of the weary 
invalid, and even the ennui of the bored pleasure-seeker is promptly driven away. 

The internal arrangements and decorations of the buildings are homelike and beautiful, 
while the rooms of all kinds have been arranged and furnished primarily with reference to 
comfort. Glass enclosed piazzas, which are well warmed, have been provided, and there is 
enough room for the person who desires to escape from the society of his fellows. The 
tables in the reading-rooms contain something besides ordinary hotel papers and garish 
advertising mediums ; many foreign and American journals are subscribed for, and may 
be read before the cheeriest of wood fires and the softened light of the most perfect 
electric lamps. 

For those who desire more active pleasures, ample lawn-tennis courts, baseball, golf 
and cricket grounds are designed, as well as facilities for outdoor sports of all kinds. 
Well-arranged billiard rooms for men and women, and a large ball-room and theater sup- 
plied with piano and organ, are to be provided in the Casino, and the theater will include 
a well-equipped stage. 

The Casino, as its name implies, is intended to be entirely for purposes of recreation. 
The handsome theater is well ventilated and lighted, and from time to time regular pro- 
ic 13 



fessional performances will be provided by the best traveling companies. Concerts are to 
be given here twice daily by a carefully selected band ; in fact, it is the intention of the 
management to give this feature great prominence, and the musical tastes of all classes are 
consulted. During the morning the band will play at the Casino from eleven until one, 
and again in the afternoon. Two regular dances on Wednesday and Saturday nights are 
given in the ball-room, and the services of the band may be engaged for private dinners 
and performances at other times. 




IT will be seen that the different buildings are in every way distinct, and that the tastes 
and conditions of all the guests are carefully looked after. The real invalid has the quiet 
and attention his condition demands, whilst he who goes for simple rest is spared the noise 
and gaiety of the ordinary health-resort, and the pleasure-seeker has all he can desire in 
the way of amusement, without annoyance to others. 




14 



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£>prmg0. 



ATER is abundant and pure, for this region, 
like that about it, contains a large number 
of mineral springs, which run from the base 
of the Cumberland Mountains. Not only is an 
ample supply of spring water found, which per- 
colates the lime and freestone of this district, 
but medicinal waters are plentiful. 

Many of the springs are rich in iron, and 

of course vary greatly in strength, as do the 

sulphur waters. The latter are of the familiar 

kinds popularly known as black, red, yellow and 

white, and specimens examined were found to contain 

free sulphur or various sulphurets. The escape of sulphureted 

hydrogen, discovered in two of the springs, is very considerable. 

One spring near the Company's property contains alum, in this respect resembling the 
water from the far-famed Virginia sources. The supply of water for ordinary purposes 
is very great, and a large spring of purest water upon the Company's property supplies 
all demands, the flow being estimated at over one hundred thousand gallons per day, 
which is stored in a reservoir near Hamilton's Peak. 

The two chief medicinal springs in Cumberland Gap Park have been known for over 
a century, and for at least one hundred years have had a great local reputation, which 
dates from the time when the Indians camped about their banks, and it has been the cus- 
tom since, during the summer season, for persons from the surrounding country to pitch 
their tents in the Poor Valley. The flow from the Sulphur Spring is over ten thousand 
gallons per day, and from the Chalybeate Spring, a few feet away, about twice that quantity. 
Prof. R. A. Witthaus has made a careful examination, transporting a large amount of 
apparatus for exact investigation on the spot, and for the collection of water to be sub- 
mitted to a quantitative analysis at his laboratory in the University Medical College of 
New- York City. 

His report is appended, and shows that the Sulphur Spring is especially rich, containing 
both sulphur and lithia — a combination which will commend itself to physicians as of great 
value in rheumatic, gastric, cutaneous and nervous disorders. 

The Chalybeate water is well adapted to delicate persons who desire the beneficial 
effects of iron without any resulting gastric disturbance or head fullness. 

is 



ISeport 0o. I. 



R. A. WITTHAUS, 

Professor of Chemistry and Physics. 



LABORATORY OF CHEMISTRY. 

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEVV-YORR. 
Medical Department, 410 East 26th St. 



New- York, December 28, 1890. 

Dr. Allan McLane Hamilton, Pres. Cumberland Gap Park Co. 

Sir : An analysis of the water from the Sulphur Spring upon the Company's property 
shows it to have the following characters : 

Temperature, 6o° F. (Air temperature, 87 F.) 

Total solids — dried at 356 F .....' 248.48 

Specific Gravity, 1000.33. 

Parts per million. 

Chlorin 7.82 

Hydrogen sulphid , . , . 5-125 

Sulphuric acid 20.94 

Carbonic acid 280. 13 

Silicic acid 20.00 

Nitric acid trace 

Ferric oxid 1 . 1 4 

Aluminium oxid 0.42 

Calcium oxid , 38.60 

Magnesium oxid 27.62 

Sodium chlorid • 94. 1 3 

Lithium chlorid 1.75 

Potassium chlorid 3.39 

Manganese oxid trace 



These constituents are combined with each other in the water as follows: 



Parts in 1,000.000. 

Calcium sulphate _ 35.61 

Calcium bicarbonate 69.16 

Magnesium bicarbonate 100.72 

Ferrous bicarbonate 2.53 

Sodium sulphid 2.78 

Sodium chlorid 1 2.89 

Sodium bicarbonate 1 10.55 

Potassium bicarbonate 4-54 

Lithium bicarbonate 2.81 

Alumina 0.42 

Silica 20.00 



Total solids 362.01 

Less water and carbonic acid in bicarbonates 1I 3-37 

Fixed solids 248.64 

Fixed solids, dried at 356 F 248.48 

Free carbonic acid 1 18.98 

Sulphureted hydrogen 5.13 

16 



Grains in U. S. Gail. 
231 c. m. 

2.O77I 

4.O34I 

5-8750 

O.I456 

O. I 62 I 

o-75!9 
6.4484 
0.2648 
0.1639 
0.0245 
1. 1666 



21. r 140 

6 6129 

I4-50 1 ! 
14.4938 

6.9401 
0.2992 



Report $o. II. 



An analysis of the water from the Chalybeate Sprin< 
shows it to have the following characters : 



upon the Company's property 



Temperature, 65 F. (Air temperature, 87° F.) 

Specific Gravity, 1000.44. 

Total solids — dried at 356 F 188.02 

Parts per million. 

Chlorin 3.24 

Sulphuric acid 69.52 

Carbonic acid H7-84 

Silicic acid 22.54 

Titanic acid traces 

Nitric acid traces 

Ferric oxid . g? c 

Aluminium oxid 0.26 

Calcium oxid 35- 56 

Magnesium oxid 20.82 

Sodium c n 

Potassium 3-78 

Manganese traces 

Lithium traces 



These constituents are combined with each other in the water in the foil 



Parts in /,000,00c 

Sodium chlorid 5.34 

Sodium sulphate 9.27 

Potassium sulphate 8.41 

Calcium sulphate 55-41 

Magnesium sulphate 41.78 

Magnesium bicarbonate 25. 13 

Calcium bicarbonate 36.58 

Ferrous bicarbonate 18.58 

Silica 22.54 

Alumina o. 26 

Titanic acid, Lithium bicarbonate, Manganese bicar- 
bonate, Ammonium nitrate traces 



Total solids 223.30 

Less carbonic acid and water in bicarbonates 35-°° 

Fixed solids 188.30 

Fixed solids, dried at 356 F 188.02 

Free carbonic acid 103.66 



owing manner : 

Grains in (J. S. Gall. 
231 c. m. 

0.3I05 

O.5407 

O.4906 

3-232I 

2.4370 

I.4658 

2-1337 
I.0838 
I. 3I48 
O.OI52 



I3.O242 
2.O416 

IO.9826 

IO.9672 

6.O465 



Respectfully submitted, 

R. A. Witthaus. 



17 



The two main springs are situated about a mile from the Hotel, and can be reached by 
comfortable walks or bridle paths, so that exercise, a most valuable adjunct, is provided, 
though weak and delicate invalids are supplied with the mineral waters at the Sanatorium 
or Hotel. 

At Hamilton Springs an artistic Spring-house and fountain have been erected in the 
midst of a small park, which is less than a mile from the Sanatorium. One mile up the 
valley are the Dillwyn Springs, which consist of two black sulphur, one white sulphur, and 
several chalybeate springs. 




THE SPRING-HOUSE. 



No region and no group of mineral springs, even Schwalbach, will offer to ansemic in- 
valids the relief that is to be found at Cumberland Gap ; and for persons suffering from 
locomotor ataxia, as well as other spinal affections, the provision of sulphur water and 
the peculiar character of the climate possess advantages superior to those of Southern 
France, or other regions which are popular with Continental physicians ; and for epileptics 
the benefits of a locality with this altitude, and the facilities for outdoor exercise without 
fatigue, cannot be overestimated. 

At the suggestion of Prof. Proctor, of the Kentucky State Geological Survey, an arte- 
sian well has been bored at very great expense, so that the Blue Lick water, which is 
found in this district, it is expected, will be tapped at a point about 1800 feet below the 
surface and beneath the underlying shale. 




18 









Cate0. 

N the eastern bank of the Powell River is a large Cave, 
which has already been explored for a distance of nine or 
ten miles without the end being reached. Its dis- 
covery by its present owners and opening up is a 
matter of only a few months, although its exis- 
tence has been known to the natives for many 
years, and during the war it was a place of hid- 
ing for refugees and deserters from both armies. 
The writer recently made a tour of inspection with 
Mr. F. Randolph Curtis, and found the existence of 
many curious and beautiful objects of interest. Unlike 
the Mammoth Cave, it has not suffered at the hands of 
sight-seers, who break off the stalactites and scribble their 
names upon the walls. Little injury or blackening has resulted from the use of torches, 
or smoke from other sources, and the exquisite coloring is probably as it always has been. 
From all accounts, the cave is larger than the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, or, in fact, any 
other cavern in the country, and abounds in the 
most curious and grotesque calcic formations. 
Very little imagination is required to recognize 
at once the figures of reptiles, animals, heathen 
gods and other strange things which have been 
created by the deposition of lime ; and the ex- 
quisite chambers, filled with massive and graceful 
columns formed of fringes of small glistening white 
stalactites, impress the observer more deeply than 
can any description. In many of the chambers, 
which are from 50 to 100 feet in height, are fern- 
like pendants of glistening white or fawn-colored 
brown, and at different places are exquisite springs 
which empty into a rushing torrent in the western 
gallery and finally into the Powell River, 150 feet 
below. It would seem as if Nature had provided 
aids for the sight-seer, for at one point a veritable 
balustrade of stalagmites borders a steep path to 
an immense vaulted chamber, containing a petri- 
fied waterfall nearly 40 feet in height that has 
taken the place of an actual cataract which ex- 
isted at some remote period. One of the most 

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'THE HAYSTACK." 



beautiful formations is what is known as "The Haystack," and is about the size of one cf 
those familiar objects, resembling it in shape, but that in the Powell River Cave forma- 
tion is made up of millions of drooping pendants of snowy whiteness. The reader is 
referred to the Guide Book published by the Cave Company for a minute description of 
details which cannot here be gone into. 

Recent experiments, conducted by Colonel Crump at the Grand Avenue Cave, show 
that it is possible to conduct the air to buildings above the ground, and to maintain a con- 
stant temperature with very great atmospheric dryness. The great advances in bacteri- 
ology have shown how deleterious are the 
effects of air in which any considerable quan- 
tity of dust is suspended and, in fact, of the 
( ^,,' r ' ' direct relation of dirt to disease. If the air 

of a large cave, where germ life does not exist 
110 to any extent, can be used in respiration, 
there can be no doubt of the fact that not 
only invalids, but all others, must thrive much 
better than under ordinary circumstances. 
Colonel Crump, whose experiments were de- 
scribed in Science, May 9, 1890, was able to 
keep the air in a building located above this 
cave at a temperature of 50 throughout the 
year in a properly constructed building. 
"Although, as far as it is known, the pro- 
posal to make a therapeutic use of cave air 
is quite original, it is known that in various parts of Italy dwellings built near caves have 
been ventilated by means of air drawn from the caves by windmills. In Paris the Palace 
of the Trocadero is cooled by the air drawn from great disused stone quarries over which 
it is built. By means of fans driven by steam engines, about 3,000,000 cubic feet of air 
are forced into the building each hour, furnishing abundant ventilation for the great 
auditorium." 

The proximity of the large cave on the Powell River to our property is one of great 
value, and it is proposed in time to utilize its air. 

Omnibuses run regularly from the Hotel to the Powell River. 





M U iJLilLi i && .*. * i * * * i i i * i f * $ * * * * * * * * * * 

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^t0tortcal. 




(EROUS historical associations are connected with this part 
of the country. The region is full of interest, and possibly 
more stirring events have taken place in the mountain fast- 
nesses of Eastern Tennessee than almost anywhere else in 
America. The early settlers of Kentucky first found their 
way through the Cumberland Gap, and Dr. Walker, of 
North Carolina, in 1747 discovered the State of Kentucky, 
and gave to the mountains their present name. 

Charles Dudley Warner, in an interesting article in 
Harper s Monthly Magazine for January, 1889, says : 
" In 1 779 Virginia resolved to construct a wagon-road 
through the wilderness, but no road was made for 
many years afterward, and indeed no vehicle of any 
sort passed over it until a road was built by action of the Kentucky Legislature in 1796. 
"At the time of the settlement, New- York west of the Hudson, Western Pennsylvania 
and Western Virginia were almost unoccupied except by hostile Indians ; there was only 
chance and dangerous navigation down the Ohio from Pittsburgh, and it was nearly eight 
hundred miles of a wilderness road, which was nothing but a bridle-path, from Philadelphia 
by way of the Cumberland Gap to Central Kentucky. The majority of immigrants came 
this toilsome way, which was, after all, preferable to the river route, and all passengers 
and produce went that way eastward, for the steamboat had not yet made the ascent of 
the Ohio feasible." 

Curious as it may seem, this wild and lonely region, which until a year or two ago did 
not contain half a dozen houses, was at one time, just before the Revolution, occupied by 
a fair number of people. Some workmen, while excavating for the Middlesborough Hotel, 
found a curious flat stone which covered the remains of Colonel Campbell, a Revolu- 
tionary officer and patriot. 

The peaceful valley which is now the property of the Cumberland Gap Park Company, 
in which the town of Harrogate is situated, was less than a quarter of a century ago the 
scene of some rather active fighting. The Southern army was forced down from Kentucky 
through the Cumberland Gap, and Day's battalion, which included the Twelfth Confeder- 
ate Cavalry, remained in stubborn possession of the Powell River Valley. The cavalry- 
men had been defeated at Perrysville, and subsequently were driven to Murfreesborough, 
where they joined Johnstone. As a commentary upon the change that has taken place, an 
incident that suggests the conversion of the sword into the plowshare, it may be stated 
upon the authority of G. B. Hayes, a Southern soldier now at work upon the Company's 
buildings, that one of the Northern batteries was thrown up upon the site of the present 



Sanatorium, and successfully drove Hayes's company from the woods beyond. Beside 
other positions Hamilton's Peak was occupied by the Northern forces with a battery, and 
many of the projectiles and grapeshot that have been turned up by the plows in the 
Hotel gardens were thrown from this elevation. 



Copyright 



id Leaders of the Civil Ifa 



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By pc»tissiou of THU CENTURY Co. 



CUMBERLAND GAP DURING THE WAR. 



Most of the refugees passed through Cumberland and Baptist Gaps, and after the battle 
of Walden's Ridge, fourteen miles south, there was quite an exodus through the latter. 

Every inch of the country was contested for by the opposing forces, and when they 
withdrew it was taken possession of by the bushwhackers and camp-followers. Many 
a weary prisoner has found his way, traveling by night over the Gap road, and hiding by 
day in the woods or in the many curious caverns, one of which strikingly resembles that 
described by J. T. Trowbridge in his clever war story, " Cudjoe's Cave." 




To the historian and anthropologist, Cumberland Gap and its environs will prove of 
the greatest interest, for the original settlers themselves are an exceedingly interesting 
people. Prior to the settlement of the Yellow Creek Valley the natives practically made 
their own laws and did about as they chose. While punctilious to the last degree, honor- 
able and generous to a fault, they placed little value upon human life, and indulged in the 
feuds which were so common in certain parts of the South and Southwest. No Corsi- 
can vendetta was more fierce than some of those which have resulted in the extermination 
of certain families in this immediate region. Happily since the influx of settlers and the 
influence of civilization this violence is largely a thing of the past, and many of the survi- 
vors are prosperous and useful members of the community. 

Mr. Warner's charming description of a ride he took through Cumberland Gap before 
the developments of the English syndicate is appended, and conveys a faint idea of the 
beautiful scenery of the region : 

"We drove from Pineville to Cumberland Gap, thirteen miles, over the now neglected 
"Wilderness Road, the two mules of the wagon unable to pull us faster than two miles an 
hour. The road had every variety of badness conceivable — loose stones, ledges of rock, 
boulders, sloughs, holes, mud, sand, deep fords. We crossed and followed up Clear 
Creek (a muddy stream) over Log Mountain (full of coal) to Canon Creek. Settlements 
were few — only occasional poor shanties. Climbing over another ridge, we reached 
the Yellow Creek Valley, through which the Yellow Creek meanders in sand. The 
north side of Cumberland Mountain, like the south side of Pine, is a conglomerate covered 
with superb oak and chestnut trees. We climbed up to the mountain over a winding road 
of ledges, boulders, and deep gullies, rising to an extended pleasing prospect of mountains 
and valleys. The pass has an historic interest, not only as the ancient highway, but as 
the path of armies in the civil war. It is narrow ; a deep road between overhanging 
rocks. It is easily defended. A light bridge thrown over the road, leading to the rifle- 
pits and breastworks on the north side, remains to attest the warlike occupation. Above, 
on the bald, highest rocky head on the north, guns were planted to command the pass. 
Two or three houses, a blacksmith's shop, a drinking tavern, behind which on the rocks 
four men were playing old sledge, made up the sum of its human attractions as we saw it. 

"Just here in the pass Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia touch each other. Virginia 
inserts a narrow wedge between the other two. On our way down the wild and pictu- 
resque road we cross the State of Virginia. . . . We passed a magnificent spring, which 
sends a torrent of water into the valley, and turns a great millwheel — a picture in its green 
setting — saw the opening of the tunnel, with its shops and machinery, noted the few houses 
and company stores of the new settlement, climbed the hill and sat down to look at the 
scene. The view is a striking one. The valley through which the Powell River runs is 
pleasant, and the bold, bare mountain of rock at the right of the pass is a noble feature in 
the landscape. With what joy must the early wilderness pilgrims have hailed this land- 
mark, this gateway to the Paradise beyond the mountains ! Some miles north in the 
range are the White Rocks, gleaming in the sun and conspicuous from afar, the first signal 
to the weary travelers from the east of the region they sought. The valleys and sides of 
these mountain ranges (which have a uniform elevation of not much more than 2000 
to 2500 feet) enjoy a delightful climate, moderate in the winter and temperate in the 

2 3 



summer. This whole region, when it is acces- 
sible by rail, will be attractive to tourists." 

The Pinnacle itself has always been used 
as a place for observation by the Indians and 
scouts, for the view from its crest is surpassed 
by none in America for panoramic effect. 

Before the war the Gap was a favorite high- 
way for settlers emigrating to the far West, and 
over its beautiful roads most of the Southern 
planters journeyed from the southwest to the 
springs of Virginia and the Atlantic seaboard. 
These journeyings were expensive and lux- 
urious, for in ante-bellum days there was an 
extravagance and luxury which has never been 
seen since. People came from New Orleans 
in coaches and four, and camped at night by 
the roadside with all the paraphernalia and magnificence of an Eastern caravan. 

The forerunner of the present summer cottage is to be found at a neighboring spa 
in the form of a curious Continental little building, which was occupied by the Hamptons 
iust after the Revolution, and at which General Washington was often entertained. 




'THE PINNACLE. 




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URING the war, Cumberland Gap was a great strategic point, 
geography will repay an extended study. The Gap 
t\f was held no less than seven times by either army, 
and Mr. Lincoln considered it so important that he 
k recommended the construction of a railroad to 
Cumberland Gap, but this was never begun. It 
was always heavily fortified, and to-day the remains 
of no less than fifteen large earthworks attest the 
uportance of the defense. Even now many sad re- 
minders of the desperate fraternal war are being un- 
arthed ; the shovel of the railway laborer or the busy set- 
lmost every day turns up bullets, pieces of shell, battered 
and twisted muskets, corroded brass belt plates, and occasionally 
the bones of some unfortunate soldier who was hastily buried beneath three feet of soil. 
On the side of Pinnacle Mountain, and elsewhere, the relic hunter has found broken gun- 
carriages and abandoned guns, canteens and other implements of war, some of which are 
to be found in the Exhibition Hall of the Company at Middlesborough. 




HiSTOMCtf'1'ic.w Points 




2 5 




hunting ann tft0t)iug. 

AME is abundant in this region, and despite the incur- 

§r sions of outsiders, the noisy hammer of the carpenter, or 

j'f the puffing of the locomotive, the birds have not been 

5£i driven away from their familiar haunts and are still 

»^ within easy reach. Common quail, or "Bob White "(cor- 

, tunix vulgaris), is perhaps the most abundant, and it is 

lot no uncommon thing for four guns to bring in 160 birds 
Ml a day. Grouse and partridge, though more scarce, are 
v\_ frequently met with in the Cumberland Mountains. 
^ Snipe of many varieties stop in their flight, and in cer- 
tain seasons of the year are very numerous. The wild turkey {meleagris gallopavo) is 
often seen, and is more common in this region than in western North Carolina ; fourteen 
have been killed this year upon the Company's property, and at a point not a quarter of 
a mile distant from the site of the Hotel. Woodcock are scarce, though occasionally 
found, and the same may be said of larger game. Quail shooting may be pursued in the 
manner so common in this country, namely, on horseback, and to those who have not tried 
this kind of shooting the experience is a decidedly agreeable one, and is equally well suited 
to invalids who are unable to tramp through the fields. 

A vast quantity of small game, which some sportsmen may consider beneath their 
notice, may tempt persons of less exacting tastes, and considerable sport is to be derived 
from the amount of "'coons and 'possums"; while the 
possessor of his first gun will find gray and red squir- 
rel, meadow larks, and a great number of small birds 
upon which to try his prowess. 

Upon the Powell River, in season, a goodly as- |fag^ 
semblage of ducks of many varieties are to be obtained j^a^g 
by going four or five miles. 

In the mountains several miles away deer and bear ! 
exist in considerable numbers, and are occasionally I " T-a - ^-, " " 

brought into Middlesborough and Pineville. In fact, 

less than a year ago a fine buck was killed in the main street of the latter city. But the 
lazy sportsman can nearly always find shooting in the forests, or the hills around the 
Company's property. In the Powell River and the small mountain creeks, trout, bass, 
pickerel and other fish may be taken by the angler. Competent guides can be obtained 
by application at the office of the Hotel. 

Fox-hunting, introduced by the English settlers of this region, is indulged in many 
times a year, and it is proposed regularly to have "meets" during the Winter season. 

26 




NDIAN and prehistoric remains are found everywhere in this neighborhood, and in 

several places in the Yellow Creek Valley large mounds have been excavated, 

and man)' curious relics unearthed. At one, almost in the center of the city 

of Middlesborough, the writer in 1888 found a large number of human bones 

lying between strata of charcoal, and in various places were collections of 

rude pottery similar in some respects to that of Aztec make, stone beads and 

curious small plaques of stone from one to two inches in diameter. There 

were also conch shells which evidently had been brought from the seacoast at 

some remote period. 

A reference to the Smithsonian reports, and other literature on the 
subject, will enable the reader to learn much of the habits of the abo- 
rigines of Eastern Tennessee and Western Kentucky, whose mounds 
are plentiful throughout this part of the country. The proximity of 
Central Kentucky will place the visitor, whose tastes lead him to explore and study the 
prehistoric relics which abound, near the various saline springs, licks, and sink-holes, where 
human and mammoth remains have been exhumed from time to time during late years, 





m 



-Vitas 



:&M 



27 



$lacc0 of Interest, attD bribes in t^e $eigl)borl)ooD. 







ACADAMIZED roads have been built during the past two years, so 
now, unlike most Southern Winter resorts, the region about 
Cumberland Gap possesses the advantages of abundant facili- 
ties for driving and walking. With the cooperation of the 
American Association and the Harrogate Town Com- 
pany, almost twenty miles of good roads of this character 
have been constructed or are in process of construction, 
and the visitor is enabled to make excursions to the many 
points of interest in the neighborhood. To those who 
have spent their Winters in the South, and have been con- 
fined to hotel piazzas when the mud in the ordinary roads 
was over their shoe tops, or when even riding or driving 
was uncomfortable or dangerous, the advantage of this 
condition will be seen at a glance. 

In addition to these roads numerous bridle paths have 
been made through the woods in all directions, and one of them along the crest of the 
Poor Valley ridge leads to Hamilton's Peak, which commands a view nearly eighty miles 
in extent. 

Hamilton Springs, y^ mile. Arthur, i mile. City of Middles borough, 4 miles. 
Ycllozv Creek Valley. This drive should include a visit to the mammoth open hearth Basic 
Steel plant of the Watts Steel & Iron Syndicate, and the important mines and industrial 
plants of this young city ; a ride upon the Belt Railroad ; and a drive to Bennett's Fork 
and Stony Fork Gulches. 

Beside these drives, numerous excursions may be made on horseback, and visitors are 
recommended to inspect the Mingo Mountain and other coal 
mines, as well as the iron mines upon the property of the 
American Association, the works of the Cumberland Gap Ice 
Company, etc., etc. 

Powell River, 4 miles. Powell River Cave, 4^ miles. A 
whole day should be taken for this trip, and in fact two or 
three days may .be devoted to the inspection of the great 
chambers of the vast cavern. The Powell River Cave Com- 
pany will provide guides and all the facilities for exploration. 
Tazewell, 12 miles. Tazewell is a most interesting old 
revolutionary town which was founded by Irish refugees to- 
ward the end of the last century. It contains several curious 
old brick mansions, a Court House, and the public gallows. 
Much of the old town was destroyed by fire during the war, 
but enough remains to reward the visitor. 

The beautiful Clincli River, distance 6 miles. The Pinnacle, 2 miles. King Solomons 
Cave, 1 yi miles. Dillwyn Springs, 1 x /t miles. Fortifications of Cumberland Gap, 2 miles. 

28 





^oto to read) CumberlanD d^ap $arfc. 

EVERAL railroads run through the tunnel beneath the Gap and stop at 
Harrogate Station or Cumberland Gap Station, near the Park. 

Cumberland Gap may be reached from the North and Northeast 
by the Pennsylvania, Shenandoah Valley or Richmond & Danville, 
via Norfolk & Western and Louisville & Nashville R. R. (Harrogate 
Station). 

From Cincinnati by the Louisville & Nashville R. R. by way of 
Louisville and Middlesborough, or else again by the Queen & Cres- 
cent, or Central Kentucky to Junction City or Livingston, where 
connection is made with the Louisville & Nashville. 

From Knoxville and the South by the Knoxville and Cumber- 
land Gap and Louisville R. R. 

Pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars and Chair Parlor Cars are run from 
principal points. 



Wsstancz, CumberlanD dSap. 

From Chicago, 541 miles, via Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R. R. (Mono Route) 

to Louisville, thence Louisville & Nashville R. R. 
Louisville, 219 miles, via Louisville & Nashville R. R. 
Cincinnati, 329 miles. 
Knoxville, 69 miles. 

Chattanooga, 181 miles, via East Tenn., Va. & Ga. R. R. to Knoxville. 
Asheville, N. C„ 141 miles, via East Tenn., Va. & Ga. R. R. to Knoxville. 
Hot Springs, N. C, 107 miles, via East Tenn., Va. & Ga. R. R. to Knoxville. 
St. Augustine, Fla., 721 miles, via Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River R. R. 

to Jacksonville, Savannah, Florida & Western R. R. to Jessup, Ga. & E T. 

Va. & Ga. R. R. to Knoxville. 
Washington, D. C, 576 miles. 
Philadelphia, 712 miles. 
New-York, 802 miles. 
Boston, 1036 miles. 



€tme, Cumberland d5ap. 



From Louisville, 1 1 hours. 
Cincinnati, 15 hours. 
Knoxville, 4^ hours. 
Asheville, 10 hours. 
St. Augustine, 3 1 hours. 
New- York, 28 hours. 
Boston, 34 hours. 



29 



The routes from the North and East bring the tourist through much of the territory 
which was fought over during the late war. The country traversed by either the Norfolk 
and Western or Richmond and Danville Railroads is full of the most exquisite scenery, 
and the traveler may stop over on the way at many of the famous watering-places of Vir- 
ginia or North Carolina. Cumberland Gap is in the direct line of travel from the West 
and Northwest, and should be visited by everyone who makes the tour of the southern 
cities. It is in the circle of winter and summer resorts, which includes the White Sulphur 
and Warm Springs of Virginia, Old Point Comfort, Virginia Beach, Asheville, and Warm 
Springs of North Carolina. Lookout Mountain. Tampa and Saint Augustine, besides many 
other popular places. 

Visitors to the World's Fair, therefore, should include this exquisite place in their 
itinerary 

For plans of rooms, terms or other particulars, address Mr. Henry Clair, Cumberland 
Gap, Tenn., or 58 William Street, New- York City. 

The "Four Seasons Hotel" will be opened to the public about February 1st, 1892. 




3° 



The buildings of the Cumberland Gap Park Co. will be furnished in the most substantial 

and elegant manner, and after much consideration the following 

firms have been chosen, whose standing vouchsafes 

the excellence of their products. 

tfurmture. 

(Expressly Manufactured.) 

NELSON MATTER & CO. 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

New- York WareroomS: 18, 20 & 22 East 18th Street. 

J. IV. WHEELOCK, Manager. 



Carpets. ^tlbcr^lateD COare. 

(Manufactured and Imported.) GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. 

W. & J. SLOANE, Silversmiths and Mfrs. of "Gorham Plated Ware" 

Broadway, Eighteenth & Nineteenth Sts. Broadway & 19th St. 137 & 139 State St. 



New-York City. 



New-York. 



Chicago. 



Linens, etc. 

ARNOLD, CONSTABLE & CO. 
Fifth Avenue, Nineteenth Street & Broadway, 



New- York. 



€I)tna anD ©lass CSlare. 

(From Special Designs.) 

L. STRAUSS & SONS. 

42, 44, 46 & 48 Warren Street, 
New-York. 



^eDDtng, etc. 



FRANK A. HALL. 

168 Centre Street, 

New- York. 
Fifteen feet north of Canal Street. 



Ganges anD fcttc^en apparatus. 

BRAMHALL & DEANE, 
New- York. 

Concert~GranD anD aprtg^t pianos. 

HARDMAN, PECK & CO., 1 58 Fifth Avenue, New York. 




"THE FAIREST PLACE. 



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